Bravura music symbols
The treble and bass clefs use outlines from Steinberg’s Bravura music font. The font’s staff-space coordinates place the symbols on the staff. The SIL Open Font License is included with the files.
Smith chart equations
The Smith chart is drawn from the normalized impedance transformation. Its resistance circles and reactance arcs are calculated by the site, rather than reproduced from an illustration. This MIT course text is cited because it states the transformation the site uses to draw the chart.
Equal-angle stereographic projection
The Wulff net uses an equal-angle projection. Its curves are calculated from points on a hemisphere. It is not an equal-area net. This University of Hawaii geology lecture is cited because it states the projection the site uses to draw the net.
Printing from iPhone and iPad
Apple describes the app’s Share or Actions menu and the Print command for AirPrint. App and printer support determine which controls appear.
Printing from iPhone and iPad ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Printing from Android
Google describes selecting a print service and printing from apps that support it. Options vary with the service and Android version.
Checked 2026-09-27
Printing from a Chromebook
Google describes setting up a printer and opening the print dialog with Ctrl + P.
Checked 2026-09-27
Filofax refill sizes and holes
Filofax’s organiser size guide, an image on this page, gives Personal refills as 171 × 95 mm and A5 refills as 210 × 148 mm, each punched with 6 holes.
Happy Planner sizes and discs
The Happy Planner lists Classic at 7 × 9.25 in with 9 discs, Mini at 4.625 × 7 in with 7 discs and Big at 8.5 × 11 in with 11 discs.
Levenger Circa Junior
Levenger lists the Circa Junior notebook with 8 discs; its Junior refills measure 5 1/2 × 8 1/2 in.
Moterm A6 ring planner
Moterm lists refills of 10.5 × 14.8 cm punched with 6 holes for its A6 ring planner.
Avery 5395 name badge dimensions
The Avery 5395 option uses the sheet size and label positions from Avery’s blank template. The plain-paper name badges use their own sizes.
Avery 5160 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5160 PDF.
Avery 5163 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5163 PDF.
Avery 5167 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5167 PDF.
Avery 5162 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5162 PDF.
Avery 5164 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5164 PDF.
Avery 5168 label positions
Labels of this size on Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 5168 PDF.
Avery 22845 label positions
Water bottle labels of 9¾ × 1¼ in on landscape Letter print at the label positions in Avery’s downloadable blank 22845 PDF, turned a quarter turn.
Ruled paper line spacing
Wide ruled paper has 11/32 inch (8.7 mm) between its lines, college ruled 9/32 inch (7.1 mm) and narrow ruled 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). Wikipedia’s article on ruled paper gives these spacings, a margin line about 1¼ in from the left edge on wide and college ruled paper, and says wide ruled is commonly used by American children in grade school.
Length conversions
The conversion sheet uses the international foot and yard. Inch, foot and yard values are converted to millimetres by arithmetic.
Letter, Legal and Tabloid paper
The University of Regina printing service lists Letter at 8.5 × 11 inches, Legal at 8.5 × 14 inches and Tabloid at 11 × 17 inches. Millimetres in the controls are calculated from those dimensions.
Paper dimensions and unit conversion
The A-series and B6 dimensions follow the paper-size table in the Victorian Government brand guidelines. Planner dimensions are listed separately below.
NASA: Moon facts
The reading passage Our Moon takes its facts from this NASA page: the 27 days of one trip around Earth and one spin, the one side we see, the Moon’s size against Earth, its thin air and its craters.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Monarch
The reading passage The Monarch’s Long Trip takes its facts from this page: the egg, caterpillar and chrysalis and how long each lasts, milkweed as the caterpillars’ only food, the flight of more than 2,000 miles to central Mexico, about 70 miles a day, and how long monarchs live.
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry: Why leaves change color
The reading passage Why Leaves Change Color takes its facts from this page: chlorophyll, the yellow and orange colors hidden under the green, the reds and purples made in the fall, and the effect of cool weather and early frost on maples.
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry: Why leaves change color ↗
NASA Space Place: All about the Sun
The reading passage Our Star, the Sun takes its facts from this NASA page: a star as a hot, glowing ball of gas, daylight from the closest star, the 93 million miles and 400 times the Moon’s distance, 100 times Earth’s width and an average size among stars, the 27 million degree core, and why life needs the Sun’s heat and light.
NASA Space Place: What causes the seasons?
The reading passage Why We Have Seasons takes its facts from this NASA page: Earth closest to the Sun in January and farthest in July, the spin on its axis giving day and night, the tilted axis pointing the same way all year, and the two halves of Earth having opposite seasons.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Bald eagle
The reading passage The Bald Eagle Comes Back takes its facts from this page: the white head and tail of a grown eagle, adult feathers by about five years, a female’s wingspan of up to 8 feet, fish as the main food, one to three eggs hatching after about 35 days, DDT and weak eggshells, 417 nesting pairs in 1963, the 1972 ban and the 2007 removal from the list of threatened and endangered species.
NASA Space Place: All About Mars
The reading passage Mars, the Red Planet takes its facts from this NASA page: the fourth planet, between Earth and Jupiter, half Earth’s size, red from rusty iron, a cold desert averaging minus 85 °F, thin air of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon that people could not breathe, the moons Phobos and Deimos, a 24.6-hour day and a 687-day year, the only planet with rovers, and the search for past life.
NASA Climate Kids: What Is the Water Cycle?
The reading passage Water on the Move and the water cycle diagram take their facts from this NASA page: the water cycle as the path all water follows, water as a liquid, a solid and a gas and where each is found, evaporation by heat from sunlight and from plants and trees, condensation into clouds as the rising vapor cools, rain and snow, and where the rain goes before the cycle starts again.
NASA Space Place: What Is a Volcano?
The reading passage What Is a Volcano? takes its facts from this NASA page: a volcano as an opening that lets hotter material escape, explosive and calmer eruptions, magma and lava, ash and gas, the mountain built of layers, magma rising where tectonic plates move apart or together and over hot spots, active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and the extinct volcanoes of Venus and Mars.
NASA Space Place: All About Jupiter
The reading passage Jupiter, the Giant Planet takes its facts from this NASA page: the fifth planet, between Mars and Saturn, the biggest planet, more than twice as massive as the other planets combined, a gas giant made mostly of hydrogen and helium with no solid surface, a thick atmosphere with swirling cloud stripes, the Great Red Spot, a storm bigger than Earth raging for more than 300 years, faint rings, a 10-hour day, a year of 11.8 Earth years, and seen with just our eyes since ancient times.
NASA Space Place: What Is an Earthquake?
The reading passage What Makes an Earthquake? takes its facts from this NASA page: an intense shaking caused by movements in Earth’s outermost layer, Earth’s four layers, the lithosphere broken into tectonic plates drifting on the slowly flowing mantle, stress that cracks the crust into faults, an earthquake as the sudden movement of the crust at a fault, shaking felt hundreds or thousands of miles away, and seismic waves recorded by a seismometer as zig-zags.
NASA Space Place: All About Saturn
The reading passage Saturn and Its Rings takes its facts from this NASA page: the sixth planet, between Jupiter and Uranus, a gas giant made mostly of hydrogen and helium with a thick atmosphere, seven main rings with spaces between them, made of groups of tiny ringlets of ice and rock, Galileo’s view in the 1600s of three planets or a planet with handles, a 10.7-hour day, a year of 29 Earth years, and known since ancient times.
NASA Space Place: Why Is the Sky Blue?
The reading passage Why Is the Sky Blue? takes its facts from this NASA page: sunlight made up of all the colors of the rainbow and separated by a prism, light travelling in short and long waves, blue waves shorter than red, light reflected, bent or scattered, blue scattered more by the gases and particles in the air, red sunsets as the light passes through more air, and the orange daytime sky and blue-gray sunset of Mars.
NASA Space Place: All About Mercury
The reading passage Mercury, the Smallest Planet takes its facts from this NASA page: the smallest planet, a little bigger than Earth’s Moon, the closest to the Sun, with no moons, a rocky planet like Venus, Earth and Mars with a cratered surface, as hot as 800 °F by day and as cold as minus 300 °F at night, Venus the hotter planet, 59 Earth days to spin once, a year of 88 Earth days and a birthday about every three months, and the two spacecraft that have visited it, Mariner 10 and MESSENGER.
NASA Space Place: What Is a Comet?
The reading passage What Is a Comet? takes its facts from this NASA page: icy objects of dust and ice that orbit the Sun, left over from the forming of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago, the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune with comets that orbit in less than 200 years, the Oort Cloud at the outer edge of the solar system, the nucleus usually less than 10 miles across, ice turning to gas near the Sun and the coma around the nucleus, and the two tails, of dust and of gas, pushed away from the Sun for millions of miles.
NASA Space Place: All About Venus
The reading passage Venus, the Hottest Planet takes its facts from this NASA page: the second planet from the Sun, with Mercury and Earth its neighbours, a small rocky planet a little smaller than Earth, the hottest planet though not the closest to the Sun, a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide that traps heat and clouds of sulfuric acid, so hot that lead would melt, a backward spin of about 243 Earth days and a year of 225, the Sun rising in the west, no moons, known since ancient times because it is easy to see without a telescope, and the Magellan spacecraft’s radar view of the surface under the clouds.
National Park Service: Statue of Liberty, Frequently Asked Questions
The reading passage The Statue of Liberty takes its facts from this National Park Service page: Liberty Island, the official name Liberty Enlightening the World, Libertas the Roman goddess of liberty, the statue facing southeast as a welcome to arriving ships, copper about as thick as two pennies, brown in 1886 and green after about thirty years, 305 feet 1 inch from the ground to the tip of the flame, the height of a 22-story building, the tablet in her left hand dated July IV MDCCLXXVI, and the second torch, its flame gilded in gold, the first taken down in 1984 and now in the museum.
National Park Service: Statue of Liberty, Frequently Asked Questions ↗
National Park Service: Yellowstone, Bison Ecology
The reading passage The Bison of Yellowstone takes its facts from this National Park Service page: the largest land mammal in North America, bulls up to 2,000 pounds and cows about 1,000, buffalo the informal name and bison the scientific one, the hump of muscle that lets a bison sweep snow aside with its head, thick skin, underfur, long guard hairs and layers of fat for the winter, a diet of mostly grasses and sedges, rolling in the dirt to keep biting flies off, calves born in late April and May that keep up with the herd two to three hours after birth, Yellowstone as the only place in the United States where bison have lived since prehistoric times, the herd poached down to about two dozen by 1902, the Army’s protection and the 21 bison it brought in from two private herds in 1902, and a population in the thousands today.
National Park Service: Independence, The Liberty Bell
The reading passage The Liberty Bell takes its facts from this National Park Service page: the bell in the tower of the Pennsylvania State House, now Independence Hall, ringing to call lawmakers and townspeople to hear the news; the first bell from London cracking on its first test ring and John Pass and John Stow casting a new one in Philadelphia, dated 1753 on its face, in bronze; the inscription from Leviticus; abolitionists first calling it the Liberty Bell in 1835, and women’s suffrage and civil rights movements taking it up; the 1846 repair that widened the crack and the second crack that silenced it.
National Park Service: Grand Canyon, Geology
The reading passage How the Grand Canyon Was Made takes its facts from this National Park Service page: the four steps remembered as DUDE (deposition, uplift, down cutting and erosion); the oldest rocks of the inner gorge formed almost two billion years ago, with layer upon layer of sedimentary rock above them, the oldest at the bottom; the region uplifted high and flat between 70 and 30 million years ago; the Kaibab Limestone, the top layer, formed at the bottom of the ocean and now found up to 9,000 feet high; the Colorado River cutting down for the last five to six million years, its rocks chipping the riverbed like chisels in floods; tributary streams widening the canyon, which is still deepening and widening.
NOAA National Ocean Service: Corals Tutorial, What are corals?
The reading passage What Is a Coral? takes its facts from this NOAA page: a coral made of individual animals called polyps, hundreds to hundreds of thousands of them; each polyp a stomach with one opening, the mouth, ringed by tentacles; most polyps feeding at night with stinging cells, as their relative the jellyfish has; hard or stony corals making a rigid skeleton that protects their soft parts and cementing themselves together, the reef builders; soft corals with no rigid skeleton and no reefs, looking like trees, bushes, fans, whips and grasses; thousands of species and millions of people depending on reefs for food, protection and jobs.
NOAA National Ocean Service: Corals Tutorial, What are corals? ↗
National Park Service: Wright Brothers National Memorial, 1903, The First Flight
The reading passage The First Airplane Flight takes its facts from this National Park Service page: Wilbur and Orville Wright experimenting with flight from 1899; over a thousand glides from Big Kill Devil Hill on the Outer Banks of North Carolina that made them the first true pilots; the lightweight engine they designed because they could find none to buy, and the first efficient airplane propeller; the 605-pound Flyer; the coin toss and Wilbur’s stalled try on December 14, 1903; Orville’s flight into a 27 mph wind at 10:35 on December 17, landing about 120 feet from the rail, with Wilbur beside the wing; three more flights that day, the last 852 feet in 59 seconds.
National Park Service: Wright Brothers National Memorial, 1903, The First Flight ↗
National Weather Service: Understanding Lightning, Science
The reading passage What Is Lightning? takes its facts from this National Weather Service page: lightning as a giant spark of electricity; about 25 million flashes a year in the United States; ice crystals, small hail and rain in a thunderstorm cloud, charged as they collide in moving air, the top of the cloud positive and the middle and lower part negative; the discharge when the difference grows too great; air heated to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit, about five times hotter than the surface of the Sun, expanding into the sound of thunder; thunder travelling about a mile every five seconds, so the seconds divided by five give the miles; and being within striking distance whenever thunder can be heard.
National Weather Service: Understanding Lightning, Science ↗
NOAA Fisheries: Leatherback Turtle
The reading passage The Leatherback Sea Turtle takes its facts from this NOAA Fisheries page: the largest turtle in the world, adults 750 to 1,000 pounds and 5 to 6 feet long; the only sea turtle without scales and a hard shell, named for its tough, rubbery skin and unchanged since the age of the dinosaurs; soft prey such as jellyfish, no crushing beak, and backward-pointing spines in the mouth and throat; some swimming over 10,000 miles a year and diving about 4,000 feet, deeper than any other turtle; females nesting at night on tropical and subtropical beaches; and balloons in the ocean mistaken for jellyfish.
National Park Service: Mount Rushmore, Carving History
The reading passage Carving Mount Rushmore takes its facts from this National Park Service page: nearly 400 workers from 1927 to 1941, fourteen years; the 700 stairs climbed each day and the steel cables that lowered them down the 500-foot face in a bosun chair; the call boys who shouted messages between the drillers and the winch house; 90 percent of the mountain carved with dynamite; honeycombing the last three to six inches of granite, removed often by hand, and the faces finished as smooth as a sidewalk; the worker who said he was helping to create a memorial; and not one death in fourteen years.
National Park Service: Mount Rushmore, History and Culture
The reading passage Carving Mount Rushmore names the four presidents and the place from this National Park Service page: the memorial’s colossal statues of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt, in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
National Park Service: Mount Rushmore, History and Culture ↗
NASA Space Place: How Do Hurricanes Form?
The reading passage How a Hurricane Grows takes its facts from this NASA page: the most violent storms on Earth, tropical cyclones and hurricanes by where they form, warm, moist air as the fuel, warm ocean water near the equator, rising air and clouds, the calm, clear eye, 39 mph for a tropical storm and 74 mph for a hurricane, and why the storm weakens over land but can still bring rain and wind damage far inland.
Hasbro: Yahtzee instructions
The five dice score sheet scores as Hasbro’s instructions for Yahtzee do: thirteen turns of up to three rolls, the upper section adding the dice of one number with a 35-point bonus at 63 or more, three and four of a kind and chance as the total of the dice, a full house 25, a small straight 30, a large straight 40, five of a kind 50, and 100 for each further five of a kind. The card’s layout and wording are our own.
Hole punch: binder hole patterns
Notebook paper marks the binder holes where Wikipedia’s article on hole punches puts them: three holes 4¼ in apart on Letter, 2¾ in apart on Half Letter, and the two holes of ISO 838, 80 mm apart and 12 mm from the edge, on A-series paper; 5/16 in is the most common hole size and ½ in from hole centre to edge is typical.
American Heart Association: Understanding Blood Pressure Readings
The blood pressure log prints the American Heart Association’s blood pressure categories under the log on Letter paper, as this page gives them: normal, less than 120 and less than 80; elevated, 120 to 129 and less than 80; stage 1 hypertension, 130 to 139 or 80 to 89; stage 2 hypertension, 140 or higher or 90 or higher; severe hypertension, higher than 180 and/or higher than 120 with no symptoms; hypertensive emergency, the same numbers with symptoms, with the AHA’s note on when to call a healthcare professional or 911. The log interprets nothing itself.
American Heart Association: Understanding Blood Pressure Readings ↗
Checked 2026-10-16
IRS: How long should I keep records?
The document retention list takes every period from the IRS: three years for the records behind a return, three years from filing or two from paying the tax for a later refund claim, seven years for a loss from worthless securities or a bad debt, at least four years for employment tax records, and property records until the period runs out for the year the property is sold. The IRS also says to keep copies of filed returns.
IRS: How long should I keep records? ↗
Checked 2026-10-16
USPS Publication 28, Appendix B: state abbreviations
The list of the 50 states takes each state’s two-letter abbreviation from the Postal Service’s own table, which also lists Washington, D.C. and the territories.
Wikipedia: List of capitals in the United States
The list of the 50 states and the states and capitals map take each state’s capital from the state capitals table of this article.
Wikipedia: List of presidents of the United States
The list of US presidents takes each presidency’s number, the president’s name and the years in office from the table in this article, which counts Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump twice for their two separate presidencies.
Wikipedia: List of presidents of the United States ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
United States Mint: Coin Specifications
The counting money worksheets draw the penny (19.05 mm), nickel (21.21 mm), dime (17.91 mm) and quarter (24.26 mm) at these diameters, with the reeded edge the Mint lists for the dime and the quarter.
Zaner-Bloser: Handwriting Paper Templates
The primary handwriting paper’s three ready heights follow the Grade K, Grade 1 and Grade 2 handwriting grids in Zaner-Bloser’s free paper templates, measured in the file: about ¾ in from the top line to the base line for kindergarten (0.76 in), ⅝ in for grade 1 and ½ in for grade 2, each with a space half as tall below. The site draws its own lines; nothing is copied from the file.
US Census Bureau: Cartographic Boundary Files, 2024 (states and counties, 1:500,000)
The map of each state draws the state, its counties and the states around it from the Census Bureau’s 2024 cartographic boundary files at 1:500,000, which are clipped to the shoreline, in an Albers equal-area projection centred on the state. Each state’s count of counties, parishes, boroughs, census areas, planning regions and independent cities is the count of its records in the county file, and its largest and smallest county by land area are those with the largest and smallest land area the file gives (in square metres, shown in square miles and square kilometres). The files’ own note sets their largest display scale at 1:500,000, so no state is drawn larger than that, whatever the paper. They are a work of the US government, in the public domain.
US Census Bureau: Cartographic Boundary Files, 2024 (states and counties, 1:500,000) ↗
US Census Bureau: Glossary, “County or Statistically Equivalent Entity”
The maps of Louisiana and Alaska, and the reading passage “States and Their Counties”, call their divisions what the Census Bureau calls them: Louisiana’s parishes, and Alaska’s organized boroughs, city and boroughs, municipalities and census areas, which take the place of counties there. The maps of Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and Nevada draw their independent cities, which belong to no county, beside the counties.
US Census Bureau: Glossary, “County or Statistically Equivalent Entity” ↗
Federal Register: Change to County-Equivalents in the State of Connecticut (Census Bureau notice, 6 June 2022)
The map of Connecticut shows the state’s nine planning regions, which the Census Bureau adopted in 2022 in place of its eight counties, as this notice records.
Natural Earth: 1:50m countries and states, 1:10m populated places
The world and United States maps draw their country and state outlines from Natural Earth’s 1:50m data, thinned to what prints. The world is in the Equal Earth projection and the United States in an Albers equal-area projection, with Alaska and Hawaii set in. The states and capitals map places each capital’s star where Natural Earth’s 1:10m populated places put the city. The maps of Europe and South America are in a Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centred on each, and name the sovereign countries, with Kosovo, which Natural Earth’s record of the US view counts as one; dependencies are drawn but not named.
Natural Earth: 1:50m countries and states, 1:10m populated places ↗
United Nations: General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region (GA/11493, 27 March 2014)
The world map draws Crimea as part of Ukraine, as resolution 68/262 affirms; Natural Earth’s default outline puts it in Russia. Somaliland and the north of Cyprus, which Natural Earth’s own records mark as unrecognized and breakaway, are drawn within Somalia and Cyprus.
CIAAW: Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024
The periodic table prints each element’s atomic number, symbol, name and standard atomic weight as the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights, IUPAC’s commission on atomic weights, lists them in its abridged table, which includes its 2024 revisions for gadolinium, lutetium and zirconium. The American spellings aluminum and cesium replace IUPAC’s aluminium and caesium where the reader chooses them.
CIAAW: Abridged Standard Atomic Weights 2024 ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
CIAAW: Radioactive elements
For the elements with no standard atomic weight, the periodic table prints in brackets the mass number of the longest-lived isotope from the Commission’s list, taken from the 2020 Nubase evaluation; where it lists two or three isotopes as equally long-lived, the first.
Checked 2026-10-17
NASA: Moon Phases
The phases of the Moon worksheet names the eight phases in NASA’s order and gives one cycle as about 29.5 days. The Moons are drawn as they look from the Northern Hemisphere, the view NASA’s guide describes, lit on the right while waxing.
National Archives: The Constitution of the United States, a transcription
The three branches of government chart takes from the Constitution the article that sets up each branch, two senators from each state, the terms of senators, representatives and the president, the veto and the two-thirds vote that overrides it, and impeachment.
National Archives: The Constitution of the United States, a transcription ↗
National Archives: The Bill of Rights, a transcription
The Bill of Rights worksheet sums up each of the first ten amendments from this transcription, and takes from the page its dates: twelve amendments proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, ten of them ratified on December 15, 1791, and another of the twelve ratified in 1992 as the 27th Amendment. The reading passage “The Bill of Rights” takes the same dates, the ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures, and, from the 1789 resolution, the states’ wish for more to be added to prevent abuse of the government’s powers.
National Archives: The Bill of Rights: What Does it Say?
The reading passage “The Bill of Rights” takes from this page what the Bill of Rights is and what the First, Third and Ninth Amendments protect, in the page’s plain words: speech and the press, gathering in a group, asking the government to fix problems and religion; no soldiers in people’s homes, with the British soldiers before the Revolutionary War; and rights the Constitution does not list.
National Park Service: Monarch butterfly
The life cycle of a butterfly worksheet takes from this National Park Service article where a monarch lays its eggs, what the caterpillar eats, and how long the butterflies live.
Wikipedia: Monarch butterfly
The life cycle of a butterfly worksheet takes from the article’s life cycle section the four stages, how long the egg and the chrysalis take, and the caterpillar’s full length.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Northern Leopard Frog
The life cycle of a frog worksheet and the reading passage The Northern Leopard Frog take from this page the frog’s spots and the white stripe on its jaw, its eggs laid in a tight clump in shallow, still water, several hundred to several thousand of them, hatching in 2 to 17 days, three to six months from egg to frog, tadpoles that eat algae, adults that eat insects and spiders, winters spent underwater in water that does not freeze to the bottom, a life of two to four years in the wild, and when breeding starts in spring: early April, or late April to early May farther north and higher up. The food chain worksheet takes from it that grown frogs eat insects and spiders.
Wikipedia: Tadpole
The life cycle of a frog worksheet takes from this article the tadpole’s gills and swimming tail, and the order of the changes: the back legs first, then the front legs, lungs growing as the legs do, and the tail taken into the body.
Missouri Botanical Garden: Starting to Grow
The life cycle of a plant worksheet and the reading passage How a Seed Starts to Grow follow this page of the Missouri Botanical Garden’s site for students: the tiny plant inside each seed, the water, warmth and good place it waits for, the root pushing down and the stem pushing up toward the light, the food stored in the seed until the leaves can make it, and what the plant needs to keep growing.
Poultry Extension: Avian Embryology
The life cycle of a chicken worksheet takes from this article by Jacquie Jacob of the University of Kentucky the embryo that waits in a laid egg until it is kept warm, the yolk that feeds it, the day its heart starts to beat (2), the day its egg tooth shows (7), the day down covers it (12), the day it turns its head toward the air space (14), the day it breaks into the air space, starts to breathe with its lungs and starts to break out (20) and the day it hatches (21), the egg tooth it cuts the shell with, and a newly hatched chick that soon dries and moves about. The worksheet’s advice to wash hands after touching the eggs or chicks comes from it too, and so does the reading passage From Egg to Chick, with the embryo that waits so that eggs laid over several days hatch together. The chicken’s hatch log takes from its table what forms inside the egg on each day, and from its text the X and O marked on each egg, at least three turns a day and the end of turning on day 18.
University of Missouri Extension: Incubation of Poultry
The life cycle of a chicken worksheet takes from this guide in the Small Flock Series that a fertile egg needs a rooster in the flock, that eggs from a grocery store are mostly not fertile, that a hen or an incubator can keep the eggs warm, and that a chicken egg takes 21 days to 21 days and 6 hours to hatch. The hatch log follows its advice to keep a record sheet by the incubator (the days, the turns, the temperature), to turn the eggs first thing in the morning, last thing at night and once or twice between, an odd number of times if possible (five boxes a day on the larger log), and to turn them through day 17; and the two reminders under its table: to candle the eggs three or four days before the hatch and take out any that are not growing, and a relative humidity of 60 to 65 percent for the first 18 days and 70 percent for the last three.
University of Arizona Extension: Nine Common Reasons Your Hens Aren’t Laying
The life cycle of a chicken worksheet takes from this guide that a young hen is called a pullet and that most begin to lay at 18 to 22 weeks old, depending on the breed.
University of Arizona Extension: Nine Common Reasons Your Hens Aren’t Laying ↗
Ohio State University Extension: Lady Beetles
The life cycle of a ladybug worksheet takes from this fact sheet the small yellow eggs laid upright in clusters of 10 to 50 under leaves near aphids, eggs hatching in three to five days, the larva like a tiny black six-legged alligator with orange spots that eats aphids for two to three weeks, about 400 of them, adults coming out of the pupa in seven to ten days, the three to four weeks from egg to adult (up to six in a cool spring), the 5,000 aphids an adult may eat, and the winter spent sheltering. The reading passage Ladybugs takes the same facts from it, with the beetles’ shape and spots, aphids as pests, and the hundreds that may shelter together. The worksheet’s note that ladybugs let go from a kit may fly away, and that flowers and places to spend the winter encourage the ones living nearby, comes from it too.
NC State Extension: Lady Beetles
The life cycle of a ladybug worksheet takes from this page that the larva fixes itself to a leaf to become a pupa.
University of Maryland Extension: Growing Pumpkins in a Home Garden
The life cycle of a pumpkin worksheet takes from this page the seed planted about half an inch deep once the frost is over and the soil is warm, sprouting in 7 to 10 days; the long vines; the male flowers that open one to two weeks before the female flowers, the tiny fruit below a female flower, and the bees that carry the pollen; the pumpkin that is green and turns orange when ripe; and the more than 100 days most pumpkins take. The reading passage How a Pumpkin Grows takes the same facts from it.
University of Maryland Extension: Growing Pumpkins in a Home Garden ↗
University of Illinois Extension: Growing Pumpkins
The life cycle of a pumpkin worksheet takes from this page the seed planted an inch deep, and seeds that do not sprout in cold soil; the first flowers, almost always male, that bloom for one day and drop off while their pollen draws the bees to the vine, and the female flowers known by the small fruit at their base; when to plant for Halloween, from late May in the north to early July in the far south, and pumpkins planted too early that may rot before Halloween; and a pumpkin ripe when deep orange with a hard rind; and that seeds saved from a pumpkin may not grow the same pumpkin, because bees carry pollen a mile or more and a cross shows only in the plants its seeds grow.
University of Minnesota Extension: Growing apples in the home garden
The life cycle of an apple tree worksheet takes from this page that a full-size tree can take up to 8 years to bear fruit and a dwarf tree 2 to 3; that bees and flies carry pollen from the flowers of one apple tree to another, that an apple tree needs pollen from a different variety, which a crabapple can give, within about 100 feet; that every apple seed is genetically different, and that the trees sold are a chosen variety grafted onto a rootstock; and how to tell a ripe apple: the background color turning from green to greenish-yellow, sweetness, and the sticky film of an unripe one. The reading passage How Apples Grow takes the same facts from it.
University of Minnesota Extension: Growing apples in the home garden ↗
University of Florida IFAS Extension: European Honey Bee
The life cycle of a honey bee worksheet takes from this Featured Creatures fact sheet the four stages and their days for a worker: the egg, like a tiny grain of rice, laid by the queen in its own six-sided wax cell and hatching in 3 days; the white larva curled in a C at the bottom of its cell for 6 days, looked after by the youngest workers; the pupa under the wax cap the workers seal over it, for 12 days; and the worker that chews its way out 21 days after the egg. Its help takes the queen that lays up to 1,500 eggs a day, the larvae fed royal jelly that become queens in 15 to 16 days, the drones from unfertilized eggs in 24 days, the pollen basket on each back leg, the order of a worker’s jobs from nursing the brood and building comb to foraging, and the worker that dies after she stings. The reading passage Honey Bees takes the same facts from it.
U.S. Geological Survey: This Dynamic Earth, Inside the Earth
The layers of the Earth worksheet takes from this USGS page the four layers and what each is: the thin, brittle crust, about 5 km thick under the oceans and about 30 km under the continents; the hot, dense, semi-solid mantle, about 2,900 km thick; the liquid outer core, 2,200 km thick, whose spin makes the Earth’s magnetic field; and the solid inner core, 1,250 km thick, both of iron-nickel metal; with the Earth about 12,750 km across and the comparison with a boiled egg. The reading passage Inside the Earth takes the same facts from it, with the crust under large mountain ranges as deep as 100 km and the heat and pressure that grow with depth. The worksheet’s six layers, for grades 6 to 8, add from the same page the lithosphere, the crust and the cooler, rigid top of the mantle together, at least 80 km thick over much of the Earth and broken into the moving plates, and under it the asthenosphere, a narrow zone of hot, semi-solid rock that can soften and flow, on which the plates move.
U.S. Geological Survey: This Dynamic Earth, Inside the Earth ↗
U.S. Geological Survey: The Interior of the Earth
The layers of the Earth worksheet takes from this USGS booklet how scientists know what is inside the Earth: from earthquake waves, whose speed changes with the rock they pass through, and the kind of wave that cannot pass through the liquid outer core; that no one has seen the boundary at the bottom of the crust; and the share of the Earth’s volume in the mantle (84 percent) and the core (15 percent). The reading passage Inside the Earth takes from it that no one has ever seen the bottom of the crust.
U.S. Geological Survey: Volcanoes, by Robert I. Tilling
The parts of a volcano worksheet takes from this USGS booklet the kind of volcano it draws, a composite volcano or stratovolcano, steep and built of layers of lava flows, ash and cinders, like Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood and Mount Shasta; the conduit through which magma rises from its reservoir to the surface; the crater at the summit with the main vent in it; lava that also comes out of cracks on the volcano’s sides; ash carried by the wind many miles away; the reservoirs of magma a few miles under the ground; that molten rock is called magma under the ground and lava once it erupts; the four main kinds of volcano; and why thick, sticky magma explodes where thin, runny magma pours out, with the bottle of soda to show it. The reading passage The Volcano That Grew on a Farm takes from it the story of Parícutin: a cinder cone, the simplest kind of volcano, that began to grow on a farm in Mexico in 1943, built of cinders blown out by gas, 1,200 feet high with a funnel-shaped crater, then lava flows once the gas had gone, active for 9 years, its ash over about 100 square miles and the town of San Juan destroyed, and studied by geologists from many parts of the world. The sheet of the four kinds of volcano takes from it what each kind is and how high it grows: the cinder cone, built of cinders blown out of a single vent, with a bowl-shaped crater, rarely more than about a thousand feet high; the composite volcano, steep and built in layers, up to 8,000 feet above its base, like Mount Fuji; the shield volcano, broad and gently sloping, built almost entirely of runny lava flows, like a warrior’s shield, with Mauna Loa 13,677 feet above sea level; and the lava dome, a small heap of lava too thick to flow far that piles up over its vent, often in the crater of a composite volcano, like the Novarupta Dome in Alaska, 200 feet high.
U.S. Geological Survey: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary
The parts of a volcano worksheet takes from this USGS glossary what four of its parts are: the magma chamber, where magma is stored beneath the vent before an eruption; the vent, any opening at the surface where magma erupts or volcanic gas comes out; a lava flow, molten rock that moves downhill until it stops, cools and turns solid; and ash, fine pieces of volcanic rock formed by an explosion.
Purdue University Extension Entomology, 4-H and Youth: Insect Anatomy
The parts of an insect worksheet takes from this Purdue 4-H page that an adult insect has three body parts and six legs in three pairs, a pair of antennae and two pairs of wings; that the head has the antennae, eyes and mouthparts, the legs and wings are joined to the thorax, and the abdomen holds the digestive and reproductive organs; and the spiracles, tiny openings along the sides of the thorax and abdomen through which an insect takes in oxygen.
Purdue University Extension Entomology, 4-H and Youth: Insect Anatomy ↗
Purdue University Extension Entomology, 4-H and Youth: Distinguishing Insects from Their Relatives
The parts of an insect worksheet takes from this Purdue 4-H page why a spider is not an insect: spiders, with scorpions, ticks and mites, are arachnids, with four pairs of legs, no antennae, and the head and thorax combined in one part.
Purdue University Extension Entomology, 4-H and Youth: Distinguishing Insects from Their Relatives ↗
NC State Extension Gardener Handbook, chapter 4: Insects
The parts of an insect worksheet takes from this NC State Extension chapter that the thorax has three segments, each with a pair of legs, with the wings on the last two; that most adult insects have two pairs of wings and flies only one; that compound eyes are made of many small lenses and detect movement well; and that antennae are mainly for smell but also sense humidity, vibrations and wind.
Missouri Department of Conservation: Black-and-Yellow Garden Spider
The life cycle of a spider worksheet takes from this field guide the egg cases a female makes all summer, papery, tan and a little smaller than ping-pong balls, each with over 1,000 eggs and fixed to plants nearby; the spiderlings that come out in spring and float away on strands of silk; the young female, slimmer, not yet yellow, with black and white striped legs; the round web about 2 feet across with its zigzag band, the female resting head-down at its center and eating insects such as grasshoppers; and the female that dies in the first frosts. Its help takes the birds that eat the egg cases in winter, the harmless spider that stays in one place all season, the web it shakes when disturbed and the small male that courts by plucking strands of her web. The reading passage Garden Spiders takes the same facts from it, with the female’s yellow and black body and yellow-orange striped legs, the gardens, tall grass and houses where it lives, and the insects it wraps in silk.
Missouri Department of Conservation: Black-and-Yellow Garden Spider ↗
Missouri Department of Conservation: Wild Turkey
The life cycle of a turkey worksheet takes from this field guide the shallow nest on the ground, the 10 to 14 eggs laid over several days and sat on for about a month, the hen that raises the young alone, the young called poults that hatch in down and leave the nest within a day, eating mostly insects in their first month and then seeds, berries, grain and acorns, the winter flocks, and the toms that gobble and strut with their tails spread in spring; and that turkeys are native to North America, tamed in southern Mexico and Central America about 2,000 years ago and spread around the world from the 1500s; and how to tell a tom from a hen: his bare red and blue head, red wattles and shining bronze feathers, the beard on toms and some hens, and the smaller, less shiny hen. The reading passage Wild Turkeys takes the same facts from it.
NC State Extension Gardener Handbook, chapter 3: Botany
The parts of a flower worksheet takes from this NC State Extension chapter what each part of a flower is: the petals, usually the brightly colored part, and the showy, scented flowers that draw insects; the sepals, small, green and leaf-like at the base; the stamen, an anther where pollen is made on a stalk called the filament, which holds it up so the wind, insects or birds can carry the pollen; the pistil, a stigma, where pollination takes place, a style and an ovary, the swollen part at the bottom, which holds the ovules, each with an egg cell; that a fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary the fruit; the receptacle, the wide tip of the flower stalk; and the stem that holds the flower up. Its help takes from it that the red part of a strawberry is a ripened receptacle, with the seeds on the outside. The reading passage How Pollen Gets Around takes from it that pollination is pollen reaching the stigma; that showy, scented flowers draw bees, butterflies, moths and other insects, and birds and bats pollinate flowers too; that markings on petals show insects where to land, and flowers that bees pollinate reflect ultraviolet light that insects see and people do not; that wind-pollinated plants like grasses spend little on beauty, have no petals, and make great amounts of pollen for the wind; and that a fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary the fruit. The parts of a cell worksheet takes from it that plant and animal cells both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus and other organelles; that a plant cell also has a stiff cell wall of cellulose, which helps the plant keep its shape, and a large vacuole that stores water and nutrients; and that the cells of leaves and stems hold chloroplasts, whose chlorophyll captures sunlight to make sugar.
MedlinePlus Genetics: What is a cell?
The parts of a cell worksheet and the reading passage What Is a Cell? take from this page of the U.S. National Library of Medicine what each part of a cell does: the cell membrane, the outer lining that separates the cell from its surroundings and lets materials in and out; the cytoplasm, a jelly-like fluid; the endoplasmic reticulum, which helps process the molecules the cell makes and carries them where they go; the Golgi apparatus, which packages them to be sent out of the cell; the lysosomes, the cell’s recycling center, which break down worn-out parts and bacteria that get in; the mitochondria, which turn the energy in food into a form the cell can use and have their own DNA; the nucleus, the command center that holds the DNA inside its own membrane; and the ribosomes, which make proteins, some floating free and some on the endoplasmic reticulum.
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Nucleolus
The parts of a cell worksheet takes from this glossary entry that the nucleolus is a round part inside the nucleus that makes the cell’s ribosomes.
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Nucleolus ↗
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Vacuole
The parts of a cell worksheet takes from this glossary entry that a vacuole is a sac with a membrane round it, that an animal cell’s vacuoles are small and hold waste, and that one vacuole can fill most of a plant cell.
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Vacuole ↗
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Mitochondria
The help on the parts of a cell worksheet takes from this glossary entry and its narration that cells needing more energy, such as muscle cells, have more mitochondria, and that mitochondria, with their own DNA, are generally inherited only from the mother.
National Human Genome Research Institute, Talking Glossary: Mitochondria ↗
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Divisions of the Skeleton
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this page that an adult’s skeleton usually has 206 named bones: the 80 of the axial skeleton (the head, the backbone, the ribs and the breastbone) and the 126 of the limbs and the girdles that attach them.
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Divisions of the Skeleton ↗
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
The human skeleton worksheet counts from this list the twelve pairs of ribs and the 26 bones of the backbone: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx.
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Axial Skeleton (80 bones) ↗
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
The human skeleton worksheet counts from this list the bones of the hands (16 carpals, 10 metacarpals and 28 phalanges) and of the feet (14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals and 28 phalanges), and names the hip bones that make the pelvis. The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from it the eight carpals of each hand, and with the 206 bones of the whole skeleton, that the two hands and two feet hold 106 of them.
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) ↗
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Introduction to the Skeletal System
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this page what the skull, the backbone and the rib cage protect: the brain, the spinal cord, and the heart and lungs. The reading passage Your Living Bones takes its facts from it too: living bone uses oxygen, nutrients and blood and changes shape with use; the skeleton holds the body up; bones and muscles work as levers; bones store calcium and release it to the blood; and red marrow makes red cells, white cells and platelets.
National Cancer Institute, SEER Training Modules: Introduction to the Skeletal System ↗
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Clavicle
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the clavicle is the collarbone, which joins the breastbone to the shoulder blade.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Sternum
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the sternum is the breastbone, the long flat bone at the front of the chest, which the first seven ribs join.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Mandible
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the mandible is the lower jaw, the only bone of the skull that moves, and that it holds the bottom teeth.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Skull
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the skull is the bones of the head, and that they surround and protect the brain.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Pelvis
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the pelvis is the hip bones, which join the backbone to the legs and hold up the weight of the upper body.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Tibia
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the tibia is the shinbone, the larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Spine
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the spine, the backbone, reaches from the base of the skull to the tailbone, and that vertebral column is its other name.
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Scapula
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this entry of the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary that the shoulder blade joins the collarbone to the upper arm bone, the everyday name the worksheet gives the humerus.
Wikipedia: Femur
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that the femur is the thigh bone, the only bone between the hip and the knee, and the longest bone in the body.
Wikipedia: Patella
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that the patella is the kneecap, which covers and protects the front of the knee joint.
Wikipedia: Fibula
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that the fibula is the calf bone, the thinner of the two leg bones, beside the tibia, and that its lower end makes the outer part of the ankle.
Wikipedia: Humerus
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that the humerus runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
Wikipedia: Radius (bone)
The human skeleton worksheet and the bones of the hand and foot worksheet take from this article that the radius is one of the two bones of the forearm, on the thumb side.
Wikipedia: Ulna
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that the ulna is the other bone of the forearm, on the little finger side, and longer than the radius; the bones of the hand and foot worksheet, that it is on the little finger side.
StatPearls (NIH National Library of Medicine): Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Bones
The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from this chapter that a hand has 27 bones: the carpals in two rows, the five metacarpals, one for the thumb and one for each finger, and the phalanges, two in the thumb and three in each finger, the first of them joined to its metacarpal.
StatPearls (NIH National Library of Medicine): Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Bones ↗
StatPearls (NIH National Library of Medicine): Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Foot Bones
The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from this chapter the foot’s 26 bones and where each sits: the talus, the ankle bone, which meets the tibia and fibula at the ankle; the calcaneus, the heel bone and the largest tarsal; the navicular, which takes the head of the talus; the roughly cube-shaped cuboid in front of the calcaneus; the three cuneiforms between the navicular and the first three metatarsals; the five metatarsals; and the 14 phalanges, two in the big toe and three in each other toe.
StatPearls (NIH National Library of Medicine): Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Foot Bones ↗
Wikipedia: Carpal bones
The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from this article that the carpals are the eight small bones of the wrist.
Wikipedia: Metacarpal bones
The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from this article that the metacarpals are the bones of the palm, between the fingers and the wrist.
Wikipedia: Metatarsal bones
The bones of the hand and foot worksheet takes from this article that the metatarsals are five long bones between the tarsals and the toes.
NASA Glenn Research Center: States of Matter
The states of matter worksheet takes from this NASA page what each state does: a solid, its particles held tightly together, holds its shape and keeps its volume; a liquid takes the shape of its container but keeps its volume; a gas, the pull between its particles very weak, fills its container, taking its shape and its volume; liquids and gases flow. Its help takes that water freezes below 0 °C (32 °F) and turns into vapor above 100 °C (212 °F) at normal air pressure, and that a change of state is a physical change: ice, water and water vapor are the same water. The help on a fourth state takes that scientists call plasma the “fourth state” of matter: at the very high temperatures and pressures of the Sun, or around a spacecraft coming back from space, atoms lose their electrons, and the mix of charged particles flows like a liquid or a gas but responds to electric and magnetic forces. The reading passage “Solid, Liquid and Gas” takes from it what each state does, that all matter is made of atoms, which join to make molecules, the temperatures at which water freezes and turns to vapor, and that ice, water and water vapor are the same molecule.
NOAA JetStream: The Hydrologic Cycle
The states of matter worksheet takes from NOAA’s online school for weather that evaporation is a change from a liquid to a gas and takes energy, such as the Sun’s; that condensation turns water vapor into a liquid, as on the side of a cold drink can, when the vapor cools; and that condensing gives the heat back. The reading passage “Solid, Liquid and Gas” takes from it that evaporation takes energy, and why you feel cool stepping out of a pool: the water on your skin evaporates with your body’s heat.
NOAA SciJinks: What Are the Different Types of Clouds?
The reading passage “Clouds and the Weather” takes from NOAA’s page for students what clouds are made of; that clouds give clues about the weather; that fluffy, white cumulus clouds like cotton balls go with fair weather, and gray altostratus and nimbostratus clouds with rain or snow that keeps falling; that cumulonimbus clouds grow when warm, moist air rises very high, look like mountains or towers from far away and are a sign of thunderstorms; and that weather satellites look for them from space to help keep people safe.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Growing Plants Indoors
The plant needs worksheet and the reading passage What a Plant Needs take from this page of the extension’s plant science pages for students the seven things all plants need to grow, and that roots need room and crowded roots mean less growth. The pages that follow it, below, give each need.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Growing Plants Indoors ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Light
What a plant without enough light shows, on the plant needs worksheet, its light test and the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Light ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Water
Why a plant needs water, that too little or too much kills it, and the finger test for dry soil, on the plant needs worksheet and in the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Water ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Air
What a plant takes from the air and gives back, on the plant needs worksheet and in the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Air ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Nutrients
How a plant takes up its nutrients, on the plant needs worksheet and in the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Nutrients ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Temperature
The temperatures most plants like, on the plant needs worksheet and in the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Temperature ↗
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Time
That growing a plant takes time, more for some plants than others, on the plant needs worksheet and in the reading passage What a Plant Needs.
University of Illinois Extension, The Great Plant Escape: Time ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: Expressions and Equations
The one-step equations worksheets take from this standard (6.EE.B.7) the grade in which equations such as x + 7 = 15 and 4x = 28 are solved, with no negative numbers; the exponents worksheets take from 6.EE.A.1 that finding the value of a power is grade 6 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: Expressions and Equations ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: Expressions and Equations
The two-step equations worksheets take from this standard (7.EE.B.4a) the grade in which equations such as 3x + 4 = 19 and 3(x + 2) = 21 are solved, and that both forms are to be solved fluently.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: Expressions and Equations ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Expressions and Equations
The multi-step equations worksheets take from this standard (8.EE.C.7b) the grade in which equations are solved by multiplying out parentheses and collecting like terms; the exponents worksheets take from 8.EE.A.1 that multiplying and dividing powers, and zero and negative exponents, are grade 8 work, and from 8.EE.A.3 and 8.EE.A.4 that writing numbers as a digit times a power of 10 and working with scientific notation are grade 8 work (read 4 Nov 2026 00:11 UTC); the slope worksheets take from 8.EE.B.6 that slope and the equation y = mx + b are grade 8 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Expressions and Equations ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Counting and Cardinality
The comparing numbers worksheets take from these standards (K.CC.C.6 and K.CC.C.7) that comparing two groups of up to ten things, by matching and counting, and two numbers to 10 are kindergarten work. The kindergarten worksheets page also takes from K.CC.A.3 and K.CC.B.5 that writing the numbers to 20 and counting up to 20 things are kindergarten work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Counting and Cardinality ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The comparing numbers worksheets take from this standard (1.NBT.B.3) that comparing two-digit numbers with >, = and < is grade 1 work. The 1st grade worksheets page also takes from 1.NBT.A.1 and 1.NBT.B.2 that counting to 120, and tens and ones, are grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The comparing numbers worksheets take from this standard (2.NBT.A.4) that comparing three-digit numbers is grade 2 work. The 2nd grade worksheets page also takes from 2.NBT.A.3, 2.NBT.B.5 and 2.NBT.B.7 that expanded form to 1,000, and adding and subtracting within 100 and then within 1,000, are grade 2 work. The expanded form worksheets take from 2.NBT.A.3 (read 4 Nov 2026) that writing three-digit numbers in expanded form, and expanded form back as a number, is grade 2 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Geometry
The coordinate plane worksheets and mystery pictures take from these standards (5.G.A.1 and 5.G.A.2) that graphing points in the first quadrant is grade 5 work, and the order of a pair: the first number is the distance along the x-axis, the second along the y-axis.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Geometry ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: The Number System
The four-quadrant coordinate plane worksheets and mystery pictures take from these standards (6.NS.C.6b and 6.NS.C.8) that graphing points in all four quadrants is grade 6 work, and that two pairs that differ only by signs are reflections across one or both axes. The multiplying and dividing decimals worksheets take from 6.NS.B.3 that working any decimals with the written method is grade 6 work; the GCF and LCM worksheets take from 6.NS.B.4 the grade, and the limits their GCF and LCM sheets keep to: a GCF of two numbers up to 100 and an LCM of two numbers up to 12. The 6th grade math worksheets page also takes from 6.NS.B.2 that long division of multi-digit numbers is grade 6 work, and the dividing fractions worksheets from 6.NS.A.1 that dividing a fraction by a fraction is grade 6 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: The Number System ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: The Number System
The integers worksheets take from these standards (7.NS.A.1 and 7.NS.A.2) that adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing positive and negative numbers is grade 7 work, and from 7.NS.A.1c the method their key shows: subtracting a number is adding its opposite.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: The Number System ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: Ratios and Proportional Relationships
The percent worksheets take from this standard (6.RP.A.3c) that finding a percent of a number, what percent one number is of another, and the whole from a part and its percent are grade 6 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 6: Ratios and Proportional Relationships ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: Ratios and Proportional Relationships
The percent worksheets take from this standard (7.RP.A.3) that percent increase and decrease, sales tax, discounts, tips, markups and commission are grade 7 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 7: Ratios and Proportional Relationships ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Geometry
The Pythagorean theorem worksheets take from these standards (8.G.B.7 and 8.G.B.6) that finding an unknown side of a right triangle, and telling from three lengths whether a triangle is a right triangle, the converse, are grade 8 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Geometry ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Functions
The slope worksheets take from this standard (8.F.A.3) that reading y = mx + b as a line is grade 8 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 8: Functions ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The rounding worksheets take from this standard (3.NBT.A.1) that rounding whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100 is grade 3 work. The 3rd grade math worksheets page also takes from 3.NBT.A.2 that adding and subtracting within 1,000 is grade 3 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The comparing numbers worksheets take from this standard (4.NBT.A.2) that comparing multi-digit numbers is grade 4 work; the rounding worksheets take from 4.NBT.A.3 that rounding larger numbers to any place is grade 4 work. The 4th grade math worksheets page also takes from 4.NBT.B.4, 4.NBT.B.5 and 4.NBT.B.6 that the written methods for adding and subtracting, multiplying up to four digits by one digit and two two-digit numbers, and dividing up to four digits by one digit are grade 4 work. The expanded form worksheets take from 4.NBT.A.2 (read 4 Nov 2026) that writing multi-digit numbers in expanded form and as number names is grade 4 work, and from the note on the domain that grade 4 keeps to whole numbers up to 1,000,000.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Operations and Algebraic Thinking
The factors and multiples worksheets take from this standard (4.OA.B.4) that finding the factor pairs of a whole number from 1 to 100, telling whether it is a multiple of a one-digit number, and whether it is prime or composite are grade 4 work. The 4th grade math worksheets page also takes from 4.OA.C.5 that making a pattern from a rule is grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Operations and Algebraic Thinking ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Operations and Algebraic Thinking
The kindergarten worksheets page takes from these standards (K.OA.A.2, K.OA.A.3 and K.OA.A.5) that adding and taking away within 10, number bonds to 10 and knowing the facts within 5 are kindergarten work. The holiday worksheets pages place their adding and word problems to 10 by K.OA.A.2.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Operations and Algebraic Thinking ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The kindergarten worksheets page takes from this standard (K.NBT.A.1) that the numbers 11 to 19, as ten ones and some more, are kindergarten work: the double ten frames.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Measurement and Data
The kindergarten worksheets page takes from this standard (K.MD.B.3) that sorting things into groups and counting each group is kindergarten work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Measurement and Data ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Geometry
The kindergarten worksheets page takes from this standard (K.G.A.2) that naming shapes, flat and solid, whichever way they are turned and whatever their size, is kindergarten work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Kindergarten: Geometry ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Operations and Algebraic Thinking
The 1st grade worksheets page takes from these standards (1.OA.A.1, 1.OA.C.6 and 1.OA.D.8) that adding and subtracting within 20, word problems to 20 and finding the missing number in a number sentence are grade 1 work. The holiday worksheets pages place their addition and subtraction within 20 and word problems to 20 by the same standards.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Operations and Algebraic Thinking ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Measurement and Data
The 1st grade worksheets page takes from this standard (1.MD.C.4) that sorting and counting answers in up to three groups, as in a tally chart, is grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Measurement and Data ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Geometry
The 1st grade worksheets page takes from this standard (1.G.A.1) that naming a shape by its sides and corners, whichever way it is turned, is grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 1: Geometry ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Operations and Algebraic Thinking
The 2nd grade worksheets page takes from these standards (2.OA.A.1 and 2.OA.B.2) that knowing the addition facts to 20 and word problems within 100 are grade 2 work. The holiday worksheets pages place their word problems to 100 by 2.OA.A.1.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Operations and Algebraic Thinking ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Measurement and Data
The 2nd grade worksheets page takes from these standards (2.MD.A.1, 2.MD.C.7, 2.MD.C.8, 2.MD.D.9 and 2.MD.D.10) that measuring with a ruler, telling time to five minutes, counting coins, line plots in whole units, and picture and bar graphs counted in ones are grade 2 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 2: Measurement and Data ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Operations and Algebraic Thinking
The 3rd grade math worksheets page takes from these standards (3.OA.A.3, 3.OA.A.4, 3.OA.C.7 and 3.OA.D.9) that the multiplication and division facts within 100, missing factors, word problems with equal groups and number patterns are grade 3 work. The holiday worksheets pages place their multiplication and division facts and word problems by 3.OA.C.7 and 3.OA.A.3.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Operations and Algebraic Thinking ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Number and Operations, Fractions
The 3rd grade math worksheets page takes from these standards (3.NF.A.1 and 3.NF.A.3) that fractions as parts of one whole, and simple equivalent fractions, are grade 3 work, in the halves, thirds, fourths, sixths and eighths that grade 3 keeps to. The comparing fractions worksheets take from 3.NF.A.3d that comparing two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator, with >, = and <, is grade 3 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Number and Operations, Fractions ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Measurement and Data
The 3rd grade math worksheets page takes from these standards (3.MD.B.3, 3.MD.B.4 and 3.MD.C.7) that scaled picture and bar graphs, measuring to the half and quarter inch with a line plot, and the area of a rectangle are grade 3 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 3: Measurement and Data ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Number and Operations, Fractions
The 4th grade math worksheets page takes from this standard (4.NF.A.1) that equivalent fractions, shown with fraction bars or found as a missing number, are grade 4 work, with the denominators grade 4 keeps to: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 100. The adding and subtracting fractions worksheets take from 4.NF.B.3 that adding and subtracting fractions and mixed numbers with like denominators is grade 4 work, and that unlike denominators are not; the multiplying fractions worksheets take from 4.NF.B.4 that a fraction times a whole number is grade 4 work; the comparing fractions worksheets take from 4.NF.A.2 that comparing fractions with different numerators and different denominators, by a common denominator or against 1/2, is grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Number and Operations, Fractions ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Number and Operations, Fractions
The adding and subtracting fractions worksheets take from this standard (5.NF.A.1) that adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators, mixed numbers included, is grade 5 work, by writing them with a common denominator; the multiplying fractions worksheets take from 5.NF.B.4 and 5.NF.B.6 that a fraction times a fraction, and mixed numbers, are grade 5 work; the dividing fractions worksheets take from 5.NF.B.7 that a unit fraction divided by a whole number, and a whole number by a unit fraction, are grade 5 work, and that a fraction divided by a fraction is not.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Number and Operations, Fractions ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Measurement and Data
The 4th grade math worksheets page takes from these standards (4.MD.B.4 and 4.MD.C.6) that line plots in fractions of a unit and measuring angles with a protractor are grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Measurement and Data ↗
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Geometry
The 4th grade math worksheets page takes from this standard (4.G.A.3) that lines of symmetry are grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 4: Geometry ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Kindergarten: Reading, Foundational Skills
The kindergarten worksheets page takes from these standards (RF.K.1.d, RF.K.2.c, RF.K.2.d and RF.K.3.a) that knowing every capital and small letter, word families, the short vowel in a three-letter word and the sound each consonant makes are kindergarten work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Kindergarten: Reading, Foundational Skills ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Foundational Skills
The 1st grade worksheets page takes from these standards (RF.1.2.a, RF.1.2.c, RF.1.2.d, RF.1.3.a and RF.1.3.c) that long and short vowel sounds, the sounds in a word, digraphs, and silent e and vowel teams are grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Foundational Skills ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Foundational Skills
The 2nd grade worksheets page takes from these standards (RF.2.3.a and RF.2.3.b) that telling long from short vowels in reading and more vowel teams are grade 2 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Foundational Skills ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Literature
The 1st grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RL.1.1) and reading texts of the grade 1 level (RL.1.10), which is grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Informational Text
The 1st grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RI.1.1) and reading texts of the grade 1 level (RI.1.10), which is grade 1 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 1: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Literature
The 2nd grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RL.2.1), how a story begins and ends (RL.2.5) and reading texts of the grades 2 to 3 level (RL.2.10), which is grade 2 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Informational Text
The 2nd grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RI.2.1) and reading texts of the grades 2 to 3 level (RI.2.10), which is grade 2 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 2: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 3: Reading, Literature
The 3rd grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RL.3.1) and reading texts of the grades 2 to 3 level (RL.3.10), which is grade 3 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 3: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 3: Reading, Informational Text
The 3rd grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise asking and answering questions about a text’s key details (RI.3.1), finding a main idea and its details (RI.3.2), how one event leads to another (RI.3.3) and reading texts of the grades 2 to 3 level (RI.3.10), which is grade 3 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 3: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 4: Reading, Literature
The 4th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RL.4.1) and reading texts of the grades 4 to 5 level (RL.4.10), which is grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 4: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 4: Reading, Informational Text
The 4th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RI.4.1), finding a main idea and its details (RI.4.2), what happened and why (RI.4.3) and reading texts of the grades 4 to 5 level (RI.4.10), which is grade 4 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 4: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 5: Reading, Literature
The 5th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RL.5.1), comparing two characters or events (RL.5.3), the meaning of a word as the text uses it (RL.5.4) and reading texts of the grades 4 to 5 level (RL.5.10), which is grade 5 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 5: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 5: Reading, Informational Text
The 5th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RI.5.1), finding a main idea and its details (RI.5.2), the meaning of a word as the text uses it (RI.5.4) and reading texts of the grades 4 to 5 level (RI.5.10), which is grade 5 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 5: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 6: Reading, Literature
The 6th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its stories and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RL.6.1), how a plot unfolds and its characters change (RL.6.3), the meaning of a word as the text uses it (RL.6.4) and reading texts of the grades 6 to 8 level (RL.6.10), which is grade 6 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 6: Reading, Literature ↗
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 6: Reading, Informational Text
The 6th grade reading worksheets page takes from these standards that its fact passages and their questions practise answering from what a text says and what it implies (RI.6.1), finding a main idea and its details (RI.6.2), the meaning of a word as the text uses it (RI.6.4) and reading texts of the grades 6 to 8 level (RI.6.10), which is grade 6 work.
Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, Grade 6: Reading, Informational Text ↗
Supplemental Information for Appendix A of the Common Core State Standards: New Research on Text Complexity
The reading worksheets by grade take from this paper the Flesch-Kincaid range of each Common Core grade band, 1.98 to 5.34 for grades 2 to 3, 4.51 to 7.73 for grades 4 to 5 and 6.51 to 10.34 for grades 6 to 8, used with the words, the structure and the questions to place each passage in a grade.
NASA: Apollo 11 Mission Overview
The reading passage Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon takes its facts from this NASA page: President John F. Kennedy’s goal of May 25, 1961, of a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth; the launch from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin; the command module Columbia piloted by Collins and the lunar module Eagle; Eagle separating from Columbia on July 20; Armstrong partly piloting the landing by hand and steering around a crater; the landing in the Sea of Tranquility; Armstrong stepping out hours later and Aldrin about 20 minutes after him; the 650 million people watching and the words “one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”; the walk up to 300 feet from Eagle, Aldrin’s experiments and the samples; the silicon disk with goodwill messages from 73 countries; the 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface; the return to Columbia and Collins; and the splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, 13 miles from the USS Hornet, on July 24, 1969.
National Archives: 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920)
The reading passage The 19th Amendment takes its facts from this National Archives page: the amendment guaranteeing American women the right to vote, called the right of suffrage; the decades of difficult struggle and the few early supporters who lived to see victory in 1920; the lecturing, writing, marching and organizing from the 1800s; the nine western states by 1912; the court challenges, picketing, silent vigils and hunger strikes; the heckling, jailing and abuse by opponents; the amendment’s first introduction in Congress in 1878; New York in 1917 and President Wilson in 1918, when the political balance began to shift; the House vote of May 21, 1919, and the Senate two weeks later; ratification by three-fourths of the states, with Tennessee the 36th on August 18, 1920; the amendment’s words; and the decades of struggle left for African American and other minority women and the discriminatory state voting laws.
National Archives: 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920) ↗
National Park Service: Four Special Spikes
The reading passage The Golden Spike takes its facts from this National Park Service page at Golden Spike National Historical Park: the transcontinental railroad scheduled to be finished on May 8, 1869; David Hewes, the San Francisco contractor disappointed that no one had made a commemorative item; the $400 of his own gold and the cast golden spike, 5 5/8 inches long and 14.03 ounces; the engravings “The Last Spike” and “as this Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world”; Nevada’s silver spike; the polished California laurelwood tie with holes drilled for the spikes; Leland Stanford of the Central Pacific and Thomas Durant of the Union Pacific gently tapping the precious metal spikes with the silver plated maul so as to leave no mark; the pine tie and the iron spike and hammer wired to the telegraph line so the nation could “hear” the blows; Stanford hitting the tie and Durant missing it; the rail worker driving the last spike and the message “D-O-N-E” at 12:47 p.m., Monday, May 10, 1869.
National Weather Service: The Black Sunday Dust Storm of April 14, 1935
The reading passage Black Sunday and the Dust Bowl takes its facts from this National Weather Service page (Norman, Oklahoma, office): the hardship of the 1930s on the Great Plains, the Great Depression and years of drought, dust storms for days and months on end, called dirt storms, sand storms, black blizzards and “dusters”; Black Sunday, April 14, 1935, when a mountain of blackness turned a warm, sunny afternoon darker than the darkest night; the wall of dust reaching the eastern Oklahoma panhandle around 4 PM, winds upwards of 60 MPH and people unable to see their own hand in front of their face; the reporter Robert E. Geiger, caught by the storm near Boise City, Oklahoma, and his article the next day, among the first uses of the name the Dust Bowl; the dust blamed on dry weather and poor soil conservation; Hugh Hammond Bennett, President Roosevelt’s advisor, testifying before Congress in March 1935; dust blotting out the sun in the nation’s capital; and the Soil Conservation Act passed before the end of the year.
National Weather Service: The Black Sunday Dust Storm of April 14, 1935 ↗
NASA Space Place: What Is the James Webb Space Telescope?
The reading passage The James Webb Space Telescope takes its facts from this NASA page: the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built, launched on December 25, 2021; a look at the universe about 200 million years after the Big Bang; infrared radiation, light invisible to human eyes that we feel as heat; firefighters’ infrared cameras seeing through smoke, and Webb’s seeing through dust, where stars and planets form; the first galaxies, whose light the expansion of the universe has shifted from visible to infrared; mirrors that collect and focus light, bigger mirrors seeing more details, the difficulty of launching a giant, heavy mirror, the 18 smaller mirrors that fit together like a puzzle and unfold into one large mirror, and their thin layer of gold; a telescope as tall as a 3-story building and as long as a tennis court that folds origami-style; and the sunshield about the size of a tennis court, with a temperature difference of more than 600 degrees Fahrenheit.
NASA Space Place: What Is Antarctica?
The reading passage Antarctica, a Continent of Ice takes its facts from this NASA page: Earth’s fifth-largest continent, covering the South Pole and covered almost completely in ice; the coldest place on Earth, with an average winter temperature of minus 34.4 Celsius (minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit) and a lowest recorded temperature of minus 89.4 C (minus 129 F); two seasons, with six months of daylight while tilted toward the Sun and six months of darkness while tilted away; a desert because it gets very little rain or snowfall; snow that does not melt but builds up over hundreds and thousands of years into thick ice sheets; terrain of glaciers, ice shelves and icebergs; as many meteorites found there as in the rest of the world combined, easy to see on the white ice and preserved in it; NASA’s satellites and ICESat measuring the ice sheets; and melting ice sheets that may affect sea levels all over the world, creating dangerous conditions for people near the ocean.
National Park Service: Yellowstone, Wolf Ecology
The reading passage Wolves Return to Yellowstone takes its facts from this National Park Service page: wolf packs that once roamed from the Arctic tundra to Mexico, gone from most of the United States by the early 1900s through loss of habitat and extermination programs; the northern Rocky Mountain wolf listed as endangered in 1973, with the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem one of three recovery areas; the 41 wild wolves from Canada and northwest Montana released in Yellowstone from 1995 to 1997; wolves living in packs, an average pack size of 11.8 in Yellowstone, and packs defending their territory by howling and scent-marking; elk as 90% of their winter prey; ravens and magpies arriving almost immediately at a kill, coyotes soon after, waiting until the wolves are sated, bears usually succeeding in chasing the wolves away, and other animals from eagles to invertebrates eating the remains; about half the wolves black and the other half mostly gray; and January 12, 2025, the 30th anniversary of their return.
NOAA National Weather Service, U.S. Tsunami Warning Centers: Tsunami Frequently Asked Questions
The reading passage How a Tsunami Travels takes its facts from this NOAA page: a tsunami as a series of extremely long waves; the word from the Japanese for harbor (“tsu”) and wave (“name”); tsunamis not related to tides, which come from the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon, so that calling one a tidal wave is incorrect; large earthquakes below or near the ocean floor as the most common cause, with landslides, volcanic activity and near earth objects such as asteroids as other causes; the water rising or dropping with the ocean floor; the waves radiating outward in all directions; speeds over 500 mph in the deep ocean, as fast as a jet plane, crossing entire oceans in less than a day; deep-ocean waves barely noticeable and rarely more than three feet high; waves slowing to the speed of a car, about 20 or 30 mph, in shallow water near land and growing in height; a tsunami at the coast looking like a fast-rising flood or a wall of water, or the water suddenly receding to show the ocean floor, reefs and fish; a loud roar like a train or an airplane as a natural warning; and moving quickly to high ground or inland, away from the water, after feeling an earthquake on the beach.
NOAA National Weather Service, U.S. Tsunami Warning Centers: Tsunami Frequently Asked Questions ↗
National Park Service: Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, Glaciers / Glacial Features
The reading passage How a Glacier Is Born takes its facts from this National Park Service page: a glacier born high in the mountains, where the only precipitation is snow and the snow does not melt away each year; a slight depression on the mountainside catching it; the snowflakes piling up year after year into a deep snowpack, its weight pressing down on the flakes beneath; fluffy flakes changing to round ice grains and then solid ice; ice crystals formed slowly under pressure, some the size of a football; air trapped between the snowflakes frozen into the ice; the ice too heavy for the depression to hold against gravity, flowing slowly downhill, and called a glacier once it moves; the glacier, like a river, taking the path of least resistance; rocks in its lower layers grinding the bedrock like stone tools and carving deep U-shaped valleys; tidewater glaciers in Glacier Bay that reach the sea, calving blocks of ice up to 200 feet high; and icebergs that pop and sizzle as they release ancient air.
National Park Service: Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, Glaciers / Glacial Features ↗
NASA: What Is the International Space Station? (Grades 5-8)
The reading passage The International Space Station takes its facts from this NASA page: a large spacecraft in orbit around Earth, a home for crews of astronauts and cosmonauts and a unique science laboratory, built and used by several nations; parts assembled in space by astronauts; the first piece, the Russian Zarya control module, launched in November 1998, and the space shuttle Endeavour meeting it about two weeks later with the U.S. Unity node, which the crew attached; a module as a segment of a spacecraft designed to perform a particular task; the first crew arriving on Nov. 2, 2000, people living there ever since, and construction completed in 2011; an average altitude of approximately 250 miles, a speed of 17,500 mph and an orbit every 90 minutes; the volume of a six-bedroom house with six sleeping quarters, two bathrooms and a gym; a weight on Earth of almost one million pounds; research that could not be done anywhere else, including what happens to the body in microgravity, where gravity is so weak that weightlessness occurs; and lessons for sending humans farther into space than ever before.
NASA: What Is the International Space Station? (Grades 5-8) ↗
National Park Service: Bats, Echolocation
The reading passage How Bats Find Food in the Dark takes its facts about echolocation from this National Park Service page: bats navigating and finding insect prey by echolocation; sound waves at frequencies above human hearing, called ultrasound; the sound waves bouncing off objects and returning to the bats’ ears, finely tuned to recognize their own unique calls; the feeding buzz, a rapid series of calls to pin-point the exact location of an insect before the bat swoops in; calls changed for different purposes, with searching, feeding and social calls; each species with its own unique call pattern; and scientists identifying and studying bats by recording their calls with specialized microphones and recording devices.
National Park Service: Bats, Benefits of Bats
The reading passage How Bats Find Food in the Dark takes from this National Park Service page that bats are flying mammals and nocturnal; that insect-eating bats can eat 50% or more of their body weight in insects each night, adding up to more than $3.7 billion worth of pest control each year in the U.S.; and that with bats around there are fewer insect pests damaging crops, and farmers do not have to invest as much in pesticides.
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute: Ruby-throated hummingbird
The reading passage The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird takes its facts from this Smithsonian’s National Zoo page: a tiny bird with brilliant, jewel-like red and green coloring; the only North American hummingbird species to breed east of the Great Plains; a metallic green head, back, wings and tail and a white underbelly; the male’s brilliant red throat and the female’s white one; adults 2.8 to 3.5 inches long, weighing about as much as a nickel; feeding while hovering, the long tongue drawing nectar from the centers of flowers; sugar water from backyard feeders and tiny insects; drinking up to half its body weight in sugar water and nectar each day because flight burns so much energy; defending its food against other hummingbirds; females alone building the nest and caring for the young, a tiny cup-shaped nest of grasses and plant fibers often camouflaged with lichens and dead leaves; two white eggs incubated 11 to 16 days; feet so small it cannot walk, only scoot sideways on perches; and a migration straight across the Gulf of Mexico in a single flight.
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute: Ruby-throated hummingbird ↗
NOAA SciJinks: How Do Snowflakes Form?
The reading passage How a Snowflake Forms takes its facts from this NOAA page for students: that snow is not simply a frozen droplet of water; that a snowflake forms slowly and grows in the cloud; that it starts when water vapor travels through the air and condenses, changing from a gas to a solid, on a particle, and forms a slowly growing ice crystal; that the crystal structure of ice is six-sided, so a snowflake generally starts as a prism with six facets; that branches form because water vapor condenses on the first thing it touches, so a small bump on a flake catches vapor and grows into a branch; that a growing snowflake blows back and forth through parts of the cloud with different temperatures and moisture, and the changes it meets decide its shape; and that you will never find two truly identical flakes.
National Park Service: Canaveral National Seashore, Mammals
The reading passage The West Indian Manatee takes its facts from this National Park Service page: the West Indian manatee among the seashore’s aquatic mammals, and manatees in Florida; its other name, the sea cow; adults about 10 feet long that weigh 800 to 1,200 pounds; much of their time spent grazing on seagrass and other plants; one calf at a time, which nurses up to one or two years of age; coming up to breathe about every four minutes when resting; leaving for warmer water in the colder months; and the scars from boat propellers that most manatees have, which researchers photograph to tell animals apart, with collisions with boats among the causes of death.
National Park Service: Canaveral National Seashore, Mammals ↗
National Park Service: Bats, Hibernate or Migrate
The reading passage How Bats Get Through the Winter takes its facts from this National Park Service page: that bats use a lot of energy flying and must eat a lot of food, such as insects; that when cold weather drives insects away, bats hibernate or migrate to warmer areas with more food; that in hibernation the bat’s body slows down so it can survive long periods without food, its heart rate dropping from 200 to 300 beats a minute to 10, and its body temperature can drop to near freezing; that bats hibernate in places like caves and mines; that some, such as the little brown bat, may hibernate for more than six months, waiting for the insects to return in spring; that many bats move between summer and winter homes, some to warmer places with more food; and that some bats hibernate, some migrate, and some do both.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Number and Operations in Base Ten
The exponents worksheets take from this standard (5.NBT.A.2) that writing powers of 10 with exponents is grade 5 work; the rounding decimals worksheets take from 5.NBT.A.4 that rounding decimals to any place is grade 5 work. The multiplying and dividing decimals worksheets take from 5.NBT.B.7 that multiplying and dividing decimals to hundredths is grade 5 work, and from 5.NBT.A.2 that moving the point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by 10, 100 or 1,000 is too. The 5th grade math worksheets page also takes from 5.NBT.B.5 and 5.NBT.B.6 that multiplying multi-digit numbers and dividing by two-digit numbers are grade 5 work. The expanded form worksheets take from 5.NBT.A.3a (read 4 Nov 2026) that writing decimals to thousandths in expanded form is grade 5 work, and write them the way the standard does, each digit times its place, with the tenths, hundredths and thousandths as 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1000.
Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, Grade 5: Number and Operations in Base Ten ↗
OpenStax Physics: 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
The magnets worksheet takes from this chapter of Rice University’s free physics textbook that a magnet pulls hardest at its poles, where paper clips gather; that the pole which turns north when the magnet can turn freely, as in a compass, is its north pole; that two north poles or two south poles repel and a north and a south pole attract; that magnetic field lines point away from the north pole and toward the south pole; and that only some materials, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, show strong magnetic effects.
OpenStax Physics: 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force ↗
National Weather Service Glossary: Melting Point
The states of matter worksheet takes from this glossary entry that melting is a change from a solid to a liquid.
Wikipedia: Steam
The help on the states of matter worksheet takes from this article that water vapor cannot be seen, and that the white cloud most people call steam is a mist of tiny drops of water.
National Park Service: How Rocks are Classified
The rock cycle worksheet takes from this page the three kinds of rock and how each forms: igneous rock when magma from deep within the Earth cools and hardens, slowly deep underground and fast at or near the surface; sedimentary rock when pieces of older rock, loosened by weathering and carried by erosion, are buried, pressed together and cemented, or from once-living things such as shells and plants; metamorphic rock when a rock is changed by high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or a mix of these. The fact passage “Three Kinds of Rock” on the reading comprehension page takes the same, with the slow cooling that grows large grains, the fast cooling that leaves them tiny or makes volcanic glass, and the sedimentary rocks left by water that evaporates or made from shells and plants.
National Geographic Education: The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle worksheet takes from this article its examples of each kind of rock (sandstone, coal and limestone; granite, basalt, obsidian and pumice; marble, quartzite and gneiss), that erosion carries rock away by wind, water or ice, that magma erupts as lava, that granite deep in the Earth takes thousands or millions of years to cool while lava cools fast, and that under heat and pressure limestone becomes marble, sandstone quartzite and granite gneiss, said “nice”.
Wikipedia: Rock cycle
The rock cycle worksheet takes from this article that a rock pushed deep enough under the Earth’s surface melts into magma, which cools into igneous rock again.
NASA: Simple Machines (Next Gen STEM educator notes)
The simple machines worksheet takes from this NASA lesson for grades 3 to 5 what a simple machine is, the six of them, what each one does and its everyday examples (a seesaw; a bicycle and a clock; an elevator and a water well; a ramp and stairs; a knife and a door stop; a screw and a bottle cap), what a compound machine is, with a crane, a bulldozer, clippers and a manual pencil sharpener, its question to a class: which two simple machines make a pair of scissors, and its walk round the room to find an example of each, which the hunt sheet follows.
NASA: Wingin’ It (Next Gen STEM educator notes)
The paper airplane template takes from this NASA lesson the dart and its folds (in half lengthwise, the corners to the centre line, the slanted edges to the centre line again, in half, each wing down to the bottom edge, the wings tipped up), and the flight log: three flights, each measured from where the plane left the hand to where it first touches the ground, their average, and the same again with weight added, such as paper clips; and, for the sample answer to the last question of the passage “Four Forces of Flight”, that a plane given too much weight drops to the ground instead of flying.
NASA: Paper Airplane Template (NASA Glenn PA-2L)
The paper airplane template numbers its fold lines in the order they are folded, as NASA Glenn’s own template does.
NASA Glenn Research Center: Four Forces on an Airplane
The passage “Four Forces of Flight” takes from NASA’s Beginner’s Guide to Aeronautics what a force is, that weight pulls toward the center of the Earth, that lift comes from the airplane moving through the air and mostly from its wings, that drag is the air resisting the motion and that thrust, from the engines, overcomes it, that the wings and not the engines lift an airplane, that a paper airplane is a glider, which needs a push to start moving, and that what an airplane carries adds to its weight.
Wikipedia: Simple machine
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article the six classical simple machines in the order it lists them: the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge and screw.
Wikipedia: Lever
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that a lever is a bar that turns on a fixed point, the fulcrum, and that a seesaw, a crowbar and a pair of scissors are levers.
Wikipedia: Wheel and axle
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that the wheel is fixed to a smaller axle so the two turn together, and that a wheel and axle works as a kind of lever, with the axle’s bearing as its fulcrum.
Wikipedia: Pulley
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that a pulley is a wheel on an axle with a rope over it, and that a fixed pulley changes the direction of the pull on the rope.
Wikipedia: Inclined plane
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that an inclined plane, or ramp, is a slanted surface with one end higher than the other, used to raise or lower a load.
Wikipedia: Wedge
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that a wedge is two slopes that meet at one edge, that it separates things or holds them in place, and that the blades of scissors separate what they cut.
Wikipedia: Screw mechanism
The simple machines worksheet takes from this article that a screw is a narrow slope wrapped around a rod, and that screws hold things together.
Wikipedia: Human skeleton
The human skeleton worksheet takes from this article that a baby is born with about 270 bones, and that some of them join together on the way to the 206 of an adult.
NOAA: Aquatic food webs
The food chain worksheet takes from this page what producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and herbivores are, that the arrows show energy flowing from prey to predator, that bacteria and fungi break down what is left into nutrients for the producers, and that frogs eat insects and are eaten by snakes and hawks. The reading passage Sea Otters and the Kelp Forest takes its food chain from it too: sea otters eat sea urchins and sea urchins eat kelp; when sea otters were overhunted for their fur in the 1800s, the urchins grew in number and ate all the kelp, then died; and sea otters have grown in number since 1911 under laws that protect them. The food web worksheet takes from it the levels of the Gulf of Maine web it pictures, from the phytoplankton to the tuna and seals at the top with no natural predators apart from humans, and that the web’s arrows run from prey to predator.
NOAA National Ocean Service: Ocean Food Webs Module, Activity IV (Cod and Herring), archived copy
The food web worksheet draws who eats whom from this module’s partial food web diagram for the Gulf of Maine (Figure 5): plankton eaten by krill, herring and scallops; krill by herring and mackerel; herring by dogfish, cod, tuna and seals; mackerel by cod and tuna; scallops by cod; dogfish and cod by seals. The module’s table of what cod and herring eat agrees: cod eat herring, mackerel and mollusks; herring eat zooplankton and krill; gray seals eat cod. The worksheet’s line on biomass takes from it the ten to one ratio of herring to cod, about 700,000 to 70,000 metric tons in the module’s model of the Gulf of Maine sand flats. NOAA has since taken the module’s pages off its site (the address showed “Page Not Found” on 23 October 2026), so the link opens the Internet Archive’s copy of NOAA’s page as it stood on 11 June 2026.
NOAA National Ocean Service: Ocean Food Webs Module, Activity IV (Cod and Herring), archived copy ↗
NOAA Fisheries: Atlantic Herring
The reading passage The Atlantic Herring takes from this page the herring’s look and its schools, where it lives in the western North Atlantic, what it eats and what eats it, its place in the food web of the northwest Atlantic Ocean, its 30,000 to 200,000 eggs laid on the ocean bottom in a carpet, hatching in 7 to 10 days, and its growth to 14 inches and a life of up to 15 years.
NOAA National Ocean Service: What is a kelp forest?
The reading passage Sea Otters and the Kelp Forest takes from this page that kelp forests grow along much of the west coast of North America, that kelp is a large brown alga, and that it needs light for photosynthesis.
NOAA: Food Chains and Webs (lesson)
The food chain worksheet takes from this lesson that frogs are secondary consumers and that a top predator sits at the top of the chain with no predators of its own.
Wikipedia: Grasshopper
The food chain worksheet takes from this article that grasshoppers eat plants, and grasses most of all.
Wikipedia: Common garter snake
The food chain worksheet takes from this article that a garter snake eats mostly amphibians and earthworms, and that hawks hunt it.
Missouri Botanical Garden: Plant Parts
What each part does on the parts of a plant worksheet, and the vegetables that are other parts of a plant, follow this page of the Missouri Botanical Garden’s site for students.
USAGov: The American flag and other national symbols
The American symbols worksheet takes from this USAGov page what the flag’s stripes, stars and colors stand for, the Great Seal and its motto, and the bald eagle as the national emblem since 1782.
USAGov: The American flag and other national symbols ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
Congressional Research Service: United States National Symbols
The American symbols worksheet gives the years Congress named the national anthem, motto, floral emblem, tree, mammal and bird from this report.
Congressional Research Service: United States National Symbols ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
USAGov: Branches of the U.S. government
What each branch does on the three branches of government chart, who is in the executive branch, and the checks and balances follow this page of USAGov, the government’s official guide. The reading passage Three Branches of Government takes from it the three branches and why the power is split; Congress, its two parts, the laws it drafts and its power to declare war; the president as head of the executive branch and commander in chief; the vice president, who takes over if the president cannot serve, presides over the Senate and breaks its ties; the courts, which interpret laws; and the veto, the Senate’s say on the president’s choices and the Supreme Court’s power to overturn a law.
USAGov: Branches of the U.S. government ↗
Checked 2026-10-20
U.S. House of Representatives: The House Explained
The three branches of government chart gives the House 435 voting members, the number fixed by law.
U.S. House of Representatives: The House Explained ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
Supreme Court of the United States: Justices
The three branches of government chart gives the Supreme Court nine justices, the chief justice and eight associate justices.
Supreme Court of the United States: Justices ↗
Checked 2026-10-17
NASA: Planetary Fact Sheet
The solar system sheet draws each planet from its diameter on this NASA table and lists its distance from the Sun, the length of its year and its number of moons. Miles and years are converted from NASA’s kilometres and days.
Checked 2026-10-17
NASA: Sun Fact Sheet
The edge of the Sun across the top of the solar system sheet is drawn from twice its volumetric mean radius, 695,700 km, at the planets’ scale.
NASA: Saturnian Rings Fact Sheet
Saturn’s bright rings are drawn from the C ring’s inner edge to the A ring’s outer edge, 1.239 and 2.270 times Saturn’s equatorial radius.
NOAA: How many oceans are there?
The labelled world map names five oceans, the Southern Ocean among them, as NOAA’s National Ocean Service explains, and places it between Antarctica’s coast and 60 degrees south.
Cedarville Cursive font
Cursive tracing and the cursive alphabet chart use Kimberly Geswein’s Cedarville Cursive font under the SIL Open Font License 1.1. It is a handwriting style, not a prescribed school handwriting curriculum.
ISO B6 dimensions
Our ISO B6 size is 125 × 176 mm. The paper size does not specify a binding system.
Filofax Pocket dimensions
Our Filofax Pocket size is 81 × 120 mm. Match the page against your Pocket organiser and its punch guide.
Filofax Mini dimensions
Our Filofax Mini size is 67 × 105 mm. Match the page against your Mini organiser and its punch guide.
Original printable layouts and arithmetic
Grids, calendars, form layouts, puzzles and answer keys are generated by EveryPrintable. Dimensions are converted using 25.4 millimetres per inch. Counts shown in the library come from the available sheets.
United States federal holidays
Federal holiday rules and observed dates come from the US Office of Personnel Management, which lists each year from 2021 to 2030. When New Year’s Day falls on a Saturday, OPM lists the Friday before, 31 December of the previous year, as the day off. These marks do not cover state, local, school or employer calendars. Future legislation can change the schedule.
United States federal holidays ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Ring size scales
ISO 8653 gives a ring’s size as its inside circumference in millimetres. On the US and Canadian scale each whole size adds 2.55 mm of circumference (0.032 in of diameter), from 36.5 mm at size 0. On the British scale used in the UK, Ireland and Australia each letter adds 1.25 mm, with C at 40 mm (BS 6820). ISO sizes are used in Austria, France, Belgium and the Nordic countries; Germany and the Netherlands size by the inside diameter in millimetres, and Italy, Spain and Switzerland by the circumference minus 40 mm. The ring sizer’s strip and circles are drawn from these relations.
Envelope sizes
The envelope template’s sizes are those Wikipedia’s envelope article lists: the North American announcement envelopes A2 (4⅜ × 5¾ in), A6 (4¾ × 6½ in) and A7 (5¼ × 7¼ in), and the ISO 269 envelopes C6 (114 × 162 mm) and DL (110 × 220 mm). The flaps are our own layout.
A2 envelope size
JAM Paper, an envelope maker, lists its A2 envelopes at 4⅜ × 5¾ inches, the envelope the folded Letter card takes.
USPS Operation Santa
The US Postal Service gives Santa’s address as 123 Elf Road, North Pole, 88888, asks for a stamp and a return address, and sets Saturday, December 5 as the last postmark for 2026. Letters are posted on its Operation Santa website with personal information blacked out, for adopters to answer; it does not promise that every letter is posted or answered.
Checked 2026-10-13
Canada Post Santa letter program
Canada Post gives Santa’s address as Santa Claus, North Pole, H0H 0H0, Canada, needs no stamp within Canada, asks for a return address and a letter posted by December 9, 2026, and says Santa answers every letter he receives. From outside Canada a letter needs international postage.
Canada Post Santa letter program ↗
Checked 2026-10-13
Royal Mail letters to Santa
Royal Mail gives the address as Santa/Father Christmas, Santa’s Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ, asks for a stamp and the full name and address on the back of the envelope, and for letters posted by Wednesday 9 December 2026.
Checked 2026-10-13
A Visit from St. Nicholas (Wikipedia)
The poem, first published anonymously in 1823 and often called “’Twas the Night Before Christmas” from its first line, has Santa Claus in a sleigh pulled by eight reindeer.
Silent Night (Wikipedia)
“Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht”, words by Joseph Mohr and music by Franz Xaver Gruber, was first performed on Christmas Eve 1818 in the parish church of Oberndorf, in present-day Austria.
Jingle Bells (Wikipedia)
James Lord Pierpont’s song was first published as “The One Horse Open Sleigh” in September 1857.
A Christmas Carol (Wikipedia)
Charles Dickens’s story was published on 19 December 1843. Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley, who tells him three spirits will follow: Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come.
The Twelve Days of Christmas (Wikipedia)
The song’s first-day gift is a partridge in a pear tree; counting every verse in full, the true love sends 364 gifts by the twelfth day.
NOAA: how do snowflakes form?
NOAA explains that a snowflake grows six arms because of how water molecules arrange themselves in an ice crystal.
University of Florida IFAS: five facts about poinsettia
Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first US Minister to Mexico (1825 to 1829), brought the plant to the United States around 1828. In its native Mexico and Guatemala it is called flor de nochebuena, the Christmas Eve flower.
Congressional Research Service: Federal Holidays, Evolution and Current Practices
The first four federal holidays, Christmas Day among them, were created in 1870 for federal workers in the District of Columbia; coverage reached all federal employees from 1885.
Congressional Research Service: Federal Holidays, Evolution and Current Practices ↗
National Park Service: history of the National Christmas Tree
On Christmas Eve 1923 President Calvin Coolidge lit the first National Christmas Tree, a 48-foot balsam fir from his native Vermont, on the Ellipse south of the White House.
National Park Service: history of the National Christmas Tree ↗
NORAD Tracks Santa (Wikipedia)
NORAD has tracked Santa every Christmas Eve since 1955, after a Sears advertisement in a Colorado Springs newspaper printed a number one digit away from the air defense command’s.
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree (Wikipedia)
The tree stands at Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City; construction workers put up the first one there in 1931.
Christmas in Australia (Wikipedia)
Christmas in Australia falls in the Southern Hemisphere’s summer, and schools break for their summer holidays.
NCAA basketball tournament fields
The NCAA says both Division I basketball tournaments expand from 68 to 76 teams beginning in 2027, and that 64 teams remain after the expanded Opening Round, so the First Round keeps its 64-team draw.
NCAA basketball tournament fields ↗
Checked 2026-10-11
Chores by age
The chore chart by age groups its example chores for ages 5 to 7, 8 to 10 and 11 to 12 as the American Academy of Pediatrics does on HealthyChildren.org. The chores are written in our own words; the family chooses its own.
Checked 2026-09-27
A household cleaning schedule
The cleaning checklists follow the University of Florida IFAS Extension guide "Keeping It Clean: Plan Your Cleaning": bed sheets, laundry, dusting and bathrooms every week, the furnace or air conditioner filter monthly or as its maker recommends, and windows each spring.
A household cleaning schedule ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Cleaning high-touch surfaces at home
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advise cleaning light switches, doorknobs and countertops regularly and after visitors.
Cleaning high-touch surfaces at home ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Refrigerator temperature
The Food and Drug Administration gives 40 °F (4 °C) or below for a refrigerator and asks for spills to be wiped at once.
Checked 2026-09-27
Cutting boards and kitchen towels
The Food and Drug Administration advises washing cutting boards and counters with hot soapy water after each food, and laundering cloth kitchen towels often on a hot cycle.
Cutting boards and kitchen towels ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Smoke alarm testing
The US Fire Administration advises testing smoke alarms every month, replacing 9-volt batteries at least once a year and replacing the alarms every 10 years.
Checked 2026-09-27
Clothes dryer lint
The Consumer Product Safety Commission advises cleaning the dryer lint screen before or after every load, and the vent and exhaust duct periodically.
Checked 2026-09-27
Liquids in carry-on bags
The Transportation Security Administration allows one quart-size bag of liquids in a carry-on bag, in containers of 3.4 ounces (100 milliliters) or less.
Checked 2026-09-27
Passport validity for travel
USAGov notes that some countries and airlines refuse a US passport that expires within 6 months.
Passport validity for travel ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Poison Help line
The babysitter and emergency information sheets print the Poison Help number on Letter paper: the Health Resources and Services Administration funds the line, 1-800-222-1222, which connects a caller in the US to the local poison center.
Checked 2026-10-15
The ten essentials for the outdoors
The camping list starts with the National Park Service ten essentials: navigation, sun protection, extra clothing, illumination, first-aid supplies, fire, a repair kit and tools, nutrition, hydration and emergency shelter.
The ten essentials for the outdoors ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
Sun protection
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advise a broad-spectrum sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher, put on again after 2 hours in the sun or after swimming, with a wide-brim hat, wraparound sunglasses and shade.
Checked 2026-09-27
Food left out at parties
The Food and Drug Administration advises discarding perishable food left out for more than 2 hours, or 1 hour above 90 °F.
Checked 2026-09-27
Travelling with children
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest packing a travel health kit, bringing snacks from home for short trips, and life jackets for children in the water.
Checked 2026-09-27
Flying with a baby
The American Academy of Pediatrics advises a car seat certified for aircraft on a flight, spare clothes and bags for soiled diapers.
Checked 2026-09-27
Hospital bag for labour
The hospital bag list is adapted from the NHS list of what to pack for labour, for the baby and for the birth partner. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Checked 2026-09-27
When to pack the hospital bag
The NHS suggests having the hospital bag packed at least 3 weeks before the due date.
When to pack the hospital bag ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
A university move-in list
The dorm list is based on the University of California, Berkeley housing office list of what to bring. Other schools' rules differ.
Checked 2026-09-27
Changing your address with USPS
The US Postal Service accepts a change of address up to 90 days before a move and up to 30 days after it.
Changing your address with USPS ↗
Checked 2026-09-27
When mail forwarding starts
The US Postal Service asks you to submit the request and verify your identity, then to allow at least 7 to 10 business days after the request is approved for forwarding to start.
Checked 2026-10-11
Hiring an interstate mover
The US Department of Transportation Office of Inspector General lists warning signs of moving fraud, including a mover with no registration or DOT number and one that does not give you the booklet "Your Rights and Responsibilities When You Move".
Checked 2026-09-27
UK bank holidays
Bank holidays for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland come from GOV.UK, which lists them from 2019 to 2028, substitute days included. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Checked 2026-09-27
Canadian statutory holidays 2027
Each province and territory’s statutory holidays come from its own employment standards law or guide, and the federal list from Employment and Social Development Canada, which covers federally regulated workplaces only. Where a government publishes its rules but no 2027 table, the dates are worked out from the rule. The holiday data is adapted from the date-holidays project by DaysUntilAnything and EveryPrintable and shared under CC BY-SA 3.0; it contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada.
Canadian statutory holidays 2027 ↗
Checked 2026-10-28
Australian public holidays 2027
Each state and territory’s public holidays, local show days and part-day holidays come from its own government list, with the Fair Work Ombudsman’s 2027 table beside them. The Victorian Friday before the AFL Grand Final is shown as not announced until the 2027 fixture sets it. The holiday data is adapted from the date-holidays project by DaysUntilAnything and EveryPrintable and shared under CC BY-SA 3.0.
Australian public holidays 2027 ↗
Checked 2026-10-28
New Zealand public holidays and anniversary days 2027
The national public holidays, their observed days and the regional anniversary days come from the New Zealand Government’s 2027 table, checked against Employment New Zealand. The holiday data is adapted from the date-holidays project by DaysUntilAnything and EveryPrintable and shared under CC BY-SA 3.0.
New Zealand public holidays and anniversary days 2027 ↗
Checked 2026-10-28
Irish public holidays 2027
Ireland’s public holidays follow the Workplace Relations Commission’s standing rules; its dated table lists 2026, so the 2027 dates are worked out from those rules. The holiday data is adapted from the date-holidays project by DaysUntilAnything and EveryPrintable and shared under CC BY-SA 3.0.
Checked 2026-10-28
Moon phases
The dates and times of new moon, first quarter, full moon and last quarter come from the US Naval Observatory moon phase data for 2026 to 2029, given in Universal Time.
Mother's Day and Father's Day
The calendar's observances put Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May (36 U.S.C. 117) and Father's Day on the third Sunday in June (36 U.S.C. 109), as the US Code sets them. Valentine's Day (14 February), St. Patrick's Day (17 March) and Halloween (31 October) keep their fixed dates.
Election Day
Election Day is the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, when US federal general elections are held (2 U.S.C. 7). State and local elections in other years are not marked.
When the clocks change
Clocks go forward on the second Sunday of March and back on the first Sunday of November (15 U.S.C. 260a, as amended in 2005, from 2007). The US Department of Transportation notes that Hawaii, most of Arizona and the US territories do not observe daylight saving time.
Checked 2026-10-13
Making a home inventory
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners suggests recording brand, price paid, date of purchase, make and model and serial numbers, with photos and receipts.
Checked 2026-09-27
Adjust page size for printing PDFs in Acrobat
These are Acrobat's desktop steps; other apps and printers differ.
Adjust page size for printing PDFs in Acrobat ↗
Checked 2026-09-07
Happy Planner size navigation and filler-paper specifications
It gives page sizes, not hole positions or safe margins.
Happy Planner size navigation and filler-paper specifications ↗
Plan All the Things Big Filler Paper
Finished page dimensions only.
Circa College Ruled Discbound Refill
Sheet sizes and this product's paper details; it doesn't give a hole pattern for other disc punches.
To Do Refill - Personal
We use the published page size only; it doesn't give hole positions.
ISO 216:2007 Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter — Trimmed sizes — A and B series
The standard sets the page size, not what your printer can do.
ISO 216:2007 Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter — Trimmed sizes — A and B series ↗
Fonts
The library sheets and the refill builder’s pages are set in DM Sans and Young Serif, and cursive tracing uses Cedarville Cursive. DejaVu Sans prints any letter those fonts lack and sets the fill-in fields of fillable PDFs. Each font’s copyright and licence notice is included with the bundled fonts.
DM Sans licence · Young Serif licence · Cedarville Cursive licence · DejaVu font licence ↗